Jung and Freud’s Theory of the Unconscious Essay Example for Free

Jung and Freud’s Theory of the Unconscious Essay Jungs theory of the unconscious sprang from the influence of disassociationist psychology, whereby ideas and images tend to combine into complexes that represent a measure of ones personality. Thus, in his 1902 work, Jung theorized that the phenomenon called somnambulism might be an attempt of a future personality to break through. In 1935, Jung posited the existence of the collective unconscious, which represents complexes that exist apart from peoples intentions (Astor, 2002). Freud placed too much emphasis on the aspects of sexual and aggressive drives in his theory of the unconscious (Anzieu, 1986). On the other hand, Jung believed that the human unconscious is motivated by higher drives than these two, such as an inherent desire to seek self-development and religious fulfillment. Moreover, Jung deviated from Freud’s theory of the unconscious by positing that each person has a unique unconscious and that such unconscious may be accessed by a person voluntarily (Anzieu, 1986). Moreover, Jung carried his theory of the unconscious further by theorizing about the collective unconscious, which is composed of a universal set of ideas that belong to the entire human race, which passed from one generation to the next. Thus, Jung believed that a person’s personality is not only influenced by personal factors, but also by cultural influences that help build his personality (The New York Association for Analytical Psychology, 2008). Freud would have treated Mary Jones through his process called psychoanalysis, or simply, the talking-cure. Freud believed that the psychological problems that appear to underlie Mary Jones manifestations could be solved by talking about them. Psychoanalysis consists in the patients narration of his thoughts and feelings to the therapist. Meanwhile, the therapist is supposed to listen carefully to the client, and from the clients narration formulate his analysis and help the client achieve some insight into the unresolved conflicts of the client, which are only embedded in the unconscious (Anzieu, 1986). On the other hand, since Jungian analysis aims to form a strong relationship between the conscious and the unconscious, Jung would not confine the process to a mere discussion of the patients thoughts and feelings. Jung believed that the unconscious is a wellspring of psychic energy and healing; thus, he would utilize images and symbols designed to spontaneously unlock the patients fantasies and dreams. These images help in the exploration of new possibilities and achievement of personal transformation (The New York Association for Analytical Psychology, 2008). Jung places more emphasis n the process that occurs during the therapy sessions, rather than the content of the therapy. Jungian analysis aims to help the patient achieve an understanding and awareness of the unconscious and thereby give relief to the patients symptoms (The New York Association for Analytical Psychology, 2008). The differences in the treatment styles of Jung and Freud illustrate the following differences in their views of the unconscious:

Sin in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter

Sin in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Introduction Born on 4th July, 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, Nathaniel Hawthorne established himself as one of the greatest American writer. He is best known for his short stories, most of which were written between 1825- 1850, and two of his famous novels which brought to him international fame- The Scarlet Letter (mid-march 1850) and The House of Seven Gables (1851). He seems to be surrounded by history, all his life. His ancestors were the notorious Puritans. He was a part of the circle that included scholars and philosophers like Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and future President Franklin Pierce. His books’ rave reviews were written by Edgar Allen Poe. He was a shy, rarely socializing with people except with his wife Sophia. He thought of himself as too much of a realist. Hawthorne’s work was often set in or around the Puritan New England towns of Salem and Concord highlighting the hypocrisy, sin and corruption. He came from a distinguished Puritan family which had played an active role in the history of Massachusetts. His works threw light on the darker side of human nature, which he preferred to address as ‘romance’ as it showed the ‘depths of human nature’. To him, romance meant confronting the reality and not evading it. He dealt with the idea that human nature is fundamentally flawed. It was Hawthorne’s appreciable talent that he conveyed his pessimistic view on life through a story that attracted readers with its power and truth. Hawthorne worked as the surveyor of customs in the port of Salem from 1846-49. In 1853, President Pierce appointed Hawthorne to a four-year term as US consulate in Liverpool, England. 1857 onwards, Hawthorne resided in Italy and again in England before returning to Concord in 1860. Hawthorne’s last years were unrelieved from gloom and despondency financially, and after four years following his return to America, he died while on an expedition with his friend and mentor, Franklin Pierce, on 19 May, 1864, at Plymouth, New Hampshire. The Scarlet Letter was Hawthorne’s first full-length story if we ignore the earlier failure- Fanshawe (1828). It was his first full-length story, and yet, superior to any full-length story that he later wrote. The Scarlet Letter was a Declaration of American Literary Independence. The Scarlet Letter opens up with a long introduction named â€Å"Custom House†. In this, Hawthorne has written a partial autobiographical sketch covering three years of his life as surveyor in the Salem custom-house (1846-49). Hawthorne begins the custom-house introduction by requesting the reader to bear with his writing skills. He tells us about himself his post because he feels the need to explain how the following pages of the Scarlet Letter came to be written. He only considers himself an editor claims that he has only given the story a few extra touches to give as real a picture of the 17th century Puritan New England society as was possible for him. Salem is Hawthorne’s native town which he confesses that he loves only when he goes away from it. This is the place where his original ancestor William Hawthorne came nearly two a quarter centuries ago. In Salem, William’s descendants have been born have died. Salem has been the focal center of the Hawthorne’s. He then mentions the sea going tradition for over a hundred years in his family. Later, Hawthorne talks about his return to Salem where he was given the job in custom-house. He then gives us a pen sketch of the venerable old officials of the custom-house. Climax of the custom-house introduction talks about its second story which was a large room in which the brick work the beams have never been covered with plasters which was left as it was when the port was shifted from Salem to Boston. In this room, in the midst of other rubbish, Hawthorne found a bundle with a rag of cloth on which the letter A was embroided. With this cloth was a document written by surveyor Pue, his predecessor, which told the history of the scarlet letter and its bearer Hester. When Hawthorne lost his customs post, he determined to write a fictional account of the events recorded in the manuscript. The Scarlet Letter is the outcome. The story begins in seventeenth-century Boston, then a Puritan settlement. A great scholar of advanced age named Roger sends his young wife Hester Prynne to a small village in Boston for buying a house intended to follow her. But he was detained by Red Indians for two years. After the completion of two years of imprisonment when he comes to Boston, he finds that the crowd of Boston was waiting before the gate of the local prison. Soon the gate opened his wife Hester comes out with a child of 3 months in her arms. She was charged with the sin of adultery. The magistrates ordered her to stand at a raised platform in the market place wear the stigma (mark of disgrace) of the scarlet letter ‘A’ (adulterous). The Puritan Boston followed morality strictly for them violation of morality was as good as violation of law. Adultery was punishable with death. The magistrates had taken pity on the young woman allowed her to live but she was to wear the ‘A’ as a mark of social disgrace. She was asked to give the name of sinner but she refused was ready to face the agony all alone. She was sent back to the prison. While standing on the platform in the market place, Hester recognised her husband in the crowd. Her husband visited her in the prison as a physician to cure her her child from pain restlessness. Hester was shocked thought that to seek revenge he will kill the child as well as her. But he told her that he had no such intention. It was his mistake to marry a young beautiful girl in advanced age for that he would forgive her. But he could not forgive the sinner who had wronged both of them. So he wanted her to give him his identity disclose the name of the sinner. But s he told that she could not oblige him. He told Hester that in that case he would find him on his own as he searched truth in books. He told her that he wanted to keep his identity disclosed. Hester swore he assumed a new name Roger Chillingworth. Roger was a great scholar of physics and during his captivity with Red Indians, he studied several herbs which could cure human ailments. Boston needed such a physician and he establishes himself in the town and big or small took him as a boon to the Puritan community of the town. Father Arthur Dimmesdale was a young and popular priest of the town. He was a religious man and considered by the people as a true soul. His sermons were popular and praised by people of the entire area. He always kept his heart protected by a piece of cloth his right hand. In course of time he began to feel the pain his health deteriorated. Chillingworth befriended him started giving him medical treatment. As his condition worsened it was considered proper that the physician Dimmesdale should live together so that Dr. Roger could properly diagnose. In course of observation Roger comes to the conclusion that the ailment was concerned with the spirit of the clergyman so he requested him to allow him to examine his spirit soul. The priest objected told him that human soul was God’s concern; hence he won’t allow a man to stand between his soul God. Dr. Roger gets suspicious one day he enters his room when he was asleep examines his heart. It gave him devilish pleasure for he had seen the secret scarlet letter ‘A’ on his chest found the sinner. He subjects him to mental torture the priest was virtually driven to madness. Hester cannot tolerate the agony of Dimmesdale informs him that his friend was his enemy. She reveals that Roger was her husband. He was only planning Dimmesdale’s ruin for revenge. She asks the priest to escape from that place. By this time, Hester Arthur’s daughter Pearl has grown up as a seven years old child. For the sake of the daughter, Dimmesdale first refused to escape but then agreed to her plan. Roger comes to know about their plan. The health of the priest was causing anxiety to him day-by-day. On the Election Day the town crowd was to be seen in the streets a procession was arranged. Arthur was called upon to give his last sermon to the people. While going to the market place he stops near the same raised platform where seven year ago Hester was humiliated publically. He asked Hester Pearl to help him reach the platform. He impulsively climbs up the scaffold with his lover and his daughter, and confesses publicly, exposing the ‘A’ seared into the flesh of his chest. He falls dead, as Pearl kisses him. Chillingworth dies a year later. Hester and Pearl leave Boston, and no one knows about them. Many years later, Hester returns alone, still wearing the scarlet letter, to live in her old cottage and resume her charitable work. She sometime receives letters from Pearl, who has settled with a European aristocrat. When Hester dies, she is buried next to Arthur. The two share a single tombstone, which bears a scarlet ‘A’. Chapter- II The Psychology of Sin The story of The Scarlet Letter is a display of how the American Puritan society was then. According to that Puritan society Hester has sinned unredeemable sin and thus she was punished and had to wear her badge of shame which will remind her of her guilt. Also the presence of her daughter, the result of this sin will make her realize of her guilt. The puritan society asserts its authority over the individual conscience by forcing Hester to accept her punishment. But who gave this right to the society to judge whether Hester was a sinner or not? Hester herself had developed a sympathetic intuition about sinners in Boston and that she could understand sinfulness in people in whom it was to be the least expected. At the beginning of the story, it is the most frustrated people who are the most outspoken critics of Hester. It shows that a Boston Puritan Society that is not capable of judging Hester because all its members are sinful in one way or the other. Hester was in a position in which she may have offended a social or moral code but so have the others, like Dimmesdale, Chillingworth, Bellingham and other unnamed people. Therefore, if a whole society is corrupt or sinful, the individual whose conscience makes him do his penance is sensitive to morality and he has his own personal morality as against the morality of a whole society. In chapter XIV, when Chillingworth tells Hester that the Puritans are planning to ask her not to wear the scarlet letter any longer, she says that it is not for the community to decide when to abate her punishment which is as mental and psychological as it is social. She may still wear the letter â€Å"A†, but the meaning of the word has now changed from â€Å"Adulteress† to â€Å"Able† or â€Å"Angel†. With her patience, courage, and humility, allied to good deeds, Hester proves that she is as good as anybody else. She has been true to her own self-ordained punishment. She is the one who feels her sin both through the scarlet letter and the child Pearl, but she never tortures herself as Dimmesdale does. Hester may be was afraid of the criticism received from her husband as well as from the society and this implies that somewhere or the other she was accepting herself as a sinner in her mind. But then she has a private morality which is not inferior to the social morality of the Puritans. Puritan society of Boston was a theocracy; it was a religious as well as a political organization. Those individuals who defied or contradict the norms of the society were seen as a threat as they might cause anarchy in the society which itself was trying to adjust itself in a new country in which there was danger from the Red Indians, the Spaniards and from the Nature. The crime that Hester has committed is over before the story in The Scarlet Letter begins. In this sense, The Scarlet Letter thus, deals not with the crime and punishment of the sin but with the effect of a particular sin on a group of people, be it a psychological, social or political effect. Externally the punishment of Hester and Dimmesdale is symbolized by the instrument of society- the prison-house, the pillory, the scaffold, the pulpit, the scarlet letter- but internally, that is, psychologically the punishment is a matter of the individual conscience. Hester suffers internally and in order to accept her punishm ent internally and spiritually she refuses to give up on both Pearl and the scarlet letter. This shows her willingness to correct herself by accepting the trivial punishment given by the society. Dimmesdale also suffers with terrible agony in secrecy. His tormented conscience forces him to devise ways and means to play out his punishment in private. He keeps vigil, fasts and whips himself. His habit of covering his heart with his hand signifies his silent confession of him being a sinner. The question of sin and redemption is not a social but a religious question. The tragedy happened with both the characters is not only a legal punishment sanctioned by their Puritan society, but also a punishment much worse than that as their consciences prick them always. They may be the criminals by the standards of the Boston Puritans, but they basically think of themselves as â€Å"sinners†, that is, alienated from â€Å"God† or â€Å"conscience†. Crime and punishment are, therefore only an external cause and effect; while sin and regeneration are internal convictions, a psychological state. The scarlet letter as well as the Pearl, both are the symbols of her sin and these two helped her rather assisted her in achieving redemption, if not in the eyes of the society then at least in the eyes of God. Hester triumphs over her fate with her goodness and resolve. In this sense, she achieves a spiritual victory over her society. Dimmesdale also passes through a sim ilar crisis. He does not suffer publicly as a criminal, but his raw conscience chafes him into constant self-torment through self-laceration and mortification. Conclusion From numerous points of view Dimmesdale endures the most in all angles. His brain is always considering his transgression and its outcomes and it appears that he is never free from the mental impacts of his wrongdoing. He contemplates it relentlessly and even joins his sentiments into his sermons so others can impart (yet unwittingly) in his transgression and inward torment. Like Hester, he is continually battling with his considerations. While it is clear that he is experiencing the impacts of his concealed sin in his psyche, his body additionally starts to hold up under the load also. Aside from the way that he excessively bears a letter of his own toward the end, physically, his body starts to demonstrate the impacts of sin as he develops weaker. His structure developed more anorexic; his voice, however still rich and sweet, had a certain despairing prediction of rot in it; he was frequently seen, on any sight alert or sudden mischance, to put his hand over his heart, with first a flush and afterward a whiteness, characteristic of ache. While this is a physical appearance of his blame and inward turmoil, the way that he develops ever more slender is huge in light of the fact that it is typical of his spirit being tormented also. His spirit is constantly emptied and he thinks of it as degenerate in light of his transgression. Thus he is similar to an empty man; both inside and as far as how he looks. Dissimilar to Hester and Chillingworth, he feels that the greatest issue identified with his wrong doing is the impact on his interminable soul. The way that Dimmesdale passes on toward the end of the story makes it clear that he was enduring significantly more than either Hester or Roger Chillingworth. While Roger bites the dust as well, it is more in light of annihilation instead of the sharp internal torment the clergyman feels. He was being expended, as a main priority, body, and soul by the impacts of sin since he was not able to be similar to Hester and Rog er and acknowledge his wrongdoing for what it was, in spite of the torment it may in some cases cause. Hester and Dimmesdale are disconnected as a result of the first sin, Chillingworth by the yearning for retribution in his heart, and Pearl in light of the fact that her elfin-like nature and her steady antagonism at the town kids who fake at and deride her mother. Every one of them is a social outsider, living in an universe of his or her with the barest correspondence with the outside world. However this detachment is not without its specialist preferences For Hesters situation, her Isolation is her emblem of disgrace. The Scarlet letter removes her from others. In any case it helps her ethical and mental development. She transcends her division from society by great deeds and the camaraderie of hopeless individuals. For Dimmesdales situation, his affectability to his transgression makes him aware of his unworthiness to lead his clock. It prompts private enduring and torment. He feels suffocated in this natures domain, yet is so frail it is not possible attempt to receive in return. Passing is his just deliverance. Chillingworths separation is basically the seclusion of an individual who has been wronged by his wife and his quest for retribution. He has damaged the holiness of the human heart both on account of Hester and Dimmesdale. This prompts his profound seclusion and passing. Individuals see the Devil incarnate in the hunchbacked doctor. Pearl is a free soul, excessively whimsical to be secured to anything. This is her separation. She is a friendless youngster who plays with soulless items or with creatures, streams and blooms a casualty of the transgression of her guardians and, the severity of the Puritan culture. Inevitably she symbolizes just beam of trust and leaves the settlement for greener pastures where she settles down. None of the fundamental characters in The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne have the capacity be totally free from the impacts of sin. While they each one arrangement with the outcomes of sin in diverse courses, none of them ever still appear ready to completely accommodate themselves with their transgression. Hester does in the end proceed onward and Pearl turns into a win yet there is still a shadow over her. Her life would have been totally diverse in the event if she had not decided to stay in a town that had denounced her generally as Chillingworth and Roger may not have passed on if they could have made peace with their transgression and existed in an unexpected way. The issue of sin is at the heart of this novel and through these three principle characters it is conceivable to see what the impacts of sin can be and what the result of living with it may be.

The Early History of Golf in the U.S. Essay -- Golf Sports Athletics E

The game of golf is one of the oldest of today’s modern sports. Its exact beginnings are not known; however, some historians trace golf back to the Stone Age while others claim it originated from the â€Å"idle antics of shepherd boys knocking small stones into holes in the ground with a crook while their flocks grazed nearby† (Peper 1). Researched back to the time of the Roman Empire, it is also believed the sports-oriented Romans played a forerunner of the game of golf called paganica. This sport involved the use of a bent stick and a ball stuffed with wool played in the open countryside. Golf comes to the United Sates The legendary beginnings of golf in the United States can be traced back to the mid-1600s. One of the first published references to golf in America was in 1659 referring to the ban on golf in the streets of Albany, New York. The next substantial reference to the game comes from Charleston, North Carolina in 1786. At that time, a local Charleston newspaper ran a story about the formation of the Harleston Green Golf Club. The Harleston Green remained in operation for approximately twenty-five years, closing about the time of the War of 1812. Around the same time period, approximately1795, another golf club opened in Savannah, Georgia. References to this golf club continued until 1811 again apparently closing just before the beginning of the war. The War of 1812 served to destroy the desire to play golf. It wasn’t until the late 1870s, well after the Civil War ended, that there was a resurgence of golf in the United States. Golf fever springs up throughout the United States Charles Macdonald was an early founder of American golf. He recalled playing golf in the Chicago area as early as 1875. Another promoter of golf, a young man named Andrew Bell from Burlington, Iowa, was initially exposed to golf when he went to Scotland to attend the University of Edinburgh. Upon his return to the United States in 1883, he laid out four informal golf holes on the family farm and played a few rounds with his friends. In 1884 Colonel Hamilton Gillispie, a former Scotsman who went into the lumber business in Florida, was known to hit golf balls in a field that is now the main street of Sarasota (History of Golf 7). Also in 1884, the Oakhurst Golf Club was formed in North Carolina now famous for it’s first hole from the Club’s Homestead course, celebrated to... ...ip. Today, the USGA membership exceeds 5,500 clubs throughout the United States. Golf, being one of the oldest of today’s modern sports, thrives in popularity continuing to entice young and old, male and female, rich and poor players. Works Cited Simpson, W.G. â€Å"The Origin of Golf.† A Tribute to Golf. Ed. Thomas Stewart. Harbor Springs, Michigan: Stewart, Hunter, and Associates. 1990. 78. Golf Magazine’s Encyclopedia of Golf. The Editors of Golf Magazine. New York, NY: Harper-Collins 1993. Doyle, Kathleen. â€Å"In John Reid’s Cow Pasture.† Sports in America. Sept. 1988: 34-38. Peper, George. â€Å"The Father of American Golf.† Golf Magazine. Dec. 1995. 118. Peper, George. â€Å"Birth of the USGA.† Golf Magazine. Dec. 1994. 124. Hannigan, Frank. â€Å"The History of the game of Golf.† Golf Digest Magazine. Jan. 2000. 171. Fields, Bill. â€Å"Changing the course of history.† Golf Digest Magazine. Sept. 1999. 17. McCord, Robert, R. Golf: an album of its history. Short Hills, NJ: Burford Books. 1998. Anderson, David. The story of golf. New York: W. Morrow. 1998. Menzies, Gordon. World of golf. New York: Bantam. 1982.

Creating Sympathy for the Johnston Family in Blood Brothers :: Blood Brothers Willy Russell Essays

Creating Sympathy for the Johnston Family in Blood Brothers Blood brother is a tragic tale about two twins who were parted at birth and as a result, led very different lives. The playwright, Willy Russell portrays the circumstances in which the twins were conceived, born and parted and also gives us an insight into how society has the influence of shaping individuals according to the classes they are in. We, the audience are made to sympathize with Mrs. Johnston on many occasions varying from the beginning of the play, even before the twins are born to the end of the play, when we learn about their unfortunate death. In the play Blood Brothers we see the upbringing of two so called blood brothers, Eddie and Mickey who are bought up in two different lifestyles. Mrs. Johnston is the mother of seven children and is already on the way of expecting twins that were to be parted soon after. This is told to us via the narrator, who states, that the mother â€Å"stood and watched brother parted from brother†. Willy Russell uses various techniques to create sympathy for the Johnston family. We also need to take into account the language barrier between the two brothers because they have been brought up in two different back grounds and have been taught different principles. Eddie seems to behave in a more socially acceptable manner whilst Mickey is louder. The play starts of by describing Mrs. Johnston’s life and her marriage. The author quotes â€Å"that I was six weeks overdue† which makes us the audience feel sorry for her. It also describes the place of marriage which was at the registry office. â€Å"We got married at the registry and had a do†. This suggests to us the audience that the wedding was nothing too fancy, not too expensive and that the marriage was sudden and unexpectant. She got married because she was expecting a baby, in difficult, circumstances to get married in. we soon learn that Mrs. Johnson is trapped in her life. Soon after the wedding she still wanted to enjoy herself as she did before but her husband became very conscious of her appearance and felt embarrassed to be seen with her. This is evident due to the fact that she gained weight and now perceived herself to be â€Å"twice the size of Marillyn Monroe†. Russell also uses a lot of ironic devices in the play. It’s ironic due to the idea that her husband left her â€Å"for a girl, they say who looks a bit like Marillyn Monroe†. The audience feels sympathetic towards her because she has seven children and low self esteem. Creating Sympathy for the Johnston Family in Blood Brothers :: Blood Brothers Willy Russell Essays Creating Sympathy for the Johnston Family in Blood Brothers Blood brother is a tragic tale about two twins who were parted at birth and as a result, led very different lives. The playwright, Willy Russell portrays the circumstances in which the twins were conceived, born and parted and also gives us an insight into how society has the influence of shaping individuals according to the classes they are in. We, the audience are made to sympathize with Mrs. Johnston on many occasions varying from the beginning of the play, even before the twins are born to the end of the play, when we learn about their unfortunate death. In the play Blood Brothers we see the upbringing of two so called blood brothers, Eddie and Mickey who are bought up in two different lifestyles. Mrs. Johnston is the mother of seven children and is already on the way of expecting twins that were to be parted soon after. This is told to us via the narrator, who states, that the mother â€Å"stood and watched brother parted from brother†. Willy Russell uses various techniques to create sympathy for the Johnston family. We also need to take into account the language barrier between the two brothers because they have been brought up in two different back grounds and have been taught different principles. Eddie seems to behave in a more socially acceptable manner whilst Mickey is louder. The play starts of by describing Mrs. Johnston’s life and her marriage. The author quotes â€Å"that I was six weeks overdue† which makes us the audience feel sorry for her. It also describes the place of marriage which was at the registry office. â€Å"We got married at the registry and had a do†. This suggests to us the audience that the wedding was nothing too fancy, not too expensive and that the marriage was sudden and unexpectant. She got married because she was expecting a baby, in difficult, circumstances to get married in. we soon learn that Mrs. Johnson is trapped in her life. Soon after the wedding she still wanted to enjoy herself as she did before but her husband became very conscious of her appearance and felt embarrassed to be seen with her. This is evident due to the fact that she gained weight and now perceived herself to be â€Å"twice the size of Marillyn Monroe†. Russell also uses a lot of ironic devices in the play. It’s ironic due to the idea that her husband left her â€Å"for a girl, they say who looks a bit like Marillyn Monroe†. The audience feels sympathetic towards her because she has seven children and low self esteem.

The Use of Laughter as Medicine in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoo

The Use of Laughter as Medicine in Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest For years, it has been said that laughter is the best medicine. In Proverbs 17:22 it says, "A merry heart doeth good like a medicine." Imagine being in a place where medicine takes the place of laughter. This is the environment the patients at an Oregon psychiatric hospital in Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1962) experienced before the arrival of a new patient. Chief Bromden, who is presumably deaf and dumb, narrates the story in third person. Mr. McMurphy enters the ward all smiles and hearty laughter as his own personal medicine. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a story about patients in a psychiatric hospital, who are under the power of Nurse Ratched. Mrs. Ratched has control over all the patients except for Mr. McMurphy, who uses laughter to fight her power. According to Chief Bromden, McMurphy "...knows you have to laugh at the things that hurt you just to keep yourself in balance, just to keep the world from running you plumb crazy" (212). Laughter is McMurphy's medicine and tool to get him and the rest of the patients through their endless days at the hospital. The author's theme throughout the novel is that laughter is the best medicine, and he shows this through McMurphy's static character. The story is made up of series of conflicts between McMurphy and Nurse Ratched. McMurphy becomes a hero, changing the lives of many of the in mates. In the end, though, he pays for his actions by suffering a lobotomy, which turned him into a vegetable. The story ends when Bromden smothers McMurphy with a pillow and escapes to freedom. McMurphy demonstrates how he uses laughter and jokes to get through his days by trying to get Mr... ... fact that he has just been shocked when he tells Bromden that they are just charging his battery and "when I get out of here the first woman that takes on ol' Red McMurphy the ten-thousand-watt psychopath, she's gonna light up like a pinball machine and pay off in silver dollars [sic]!" (242-243). Here McMurphy uses a perverted mind to help him adjust to the reality that he has just received shock treatment. When a society replaces medicine for laughter, people are going to have problems just as the patients did in One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest. McMurphy, along with today's society, believes that laughter truly is the best medicine, and one cannot live a normal, sane life without it. Works Cited Kesey, Ken. One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest (1962). The Viking Press Inc. New York, New York.Gideons International. Tennessee: The National Publishing Company.

Joseph Conrad’s The Heart of Darkness Essay

Joseph Conrad’s The Heart of Darkness has foreshadowing that adds a lot of suspense throughout the book. Conrad used foreshadowing through minor details that are not clearly stated and are to be interpreted as the book continues. The setting of the book–on a small sailing craft on a river as night falls–and Marlow’s comparison, by implication, of the dark heart of Africa (the Belgian Congo) and the barbarian darkness on the northern fringes of the Roman Empire, both are examples of irony and foreshadowing. In the beginning Marlow is remembering what it may have been like to be a young Roman conqueror exploring through the jungle. He would have had to deal with â€Å"†¦cold, fog, tempests, disease, exile, and death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Marlow mentions how the soldier would have had a â€Å"fascination of the abomination† . Later in the book this same fascination overcame Kurtz after his long time in the Congo, â€Å"he hates sometimes the idea of being taken away† . Even when Marlow finds Kurtz, he can’t â€Å"break the spell – the heavy mute spell of the wilderness – that seemed to draw him to its pitiless breast by the awakening of forgotten and brutal instincts† When Marlow begins to share his story about an earlier sea voyage, he shares with his fellow mates a story about how one of their captains was killed because of a fight that arose over two black hens. Fresleven, one of the men in the fight, began to beat a native because of his desire for the hen. The native’s son broke up the fight and â€Å"made a tentative jab with a spear at the white man – and of course it went quite easy between the shoulder blades† . Marlow then takes Fresleven’s job as captain of the ship, stepping into his shoes. Later on in the book when Marlow’s ship is under a light attack, his helmsman was speared through the ribs, causing him to die. Blood filled Marlow’s shoes, and he threw them overboard. This is an example of foreshadowing, because Marlow fills Fresleven’s shoes without realizing the full extent of the job. It also an example of irony, because when Fresleven, a nice white man is killed, nobody was shaken, yet when the savage was speared Marlow was full of regret. Another example of irony is that Africa is constantly being described as a dark and gloomy place in the novel, but the Europeans are the ones that actually have the dark hearts. The Africans only get violent because they want to keep their culture alive, and the Europeans are willing to throw that away as long as they earn a profit. The only reason the Europeans wanted to invade Africa was for commercial benefits, and that is dark Another example of foreshadowing is the two women knitting black wool outside the office Marlow visited before he went on his journey. The color black often appears to Marlow when he is headed for trouble.. The women were sitting outside, drawing in unsuspecting youth ready for adventure, yet unaware of the danger ahead. Later in the book when Marlow is following Kurtz into the dark, dangerous forest, he reflects that â€Å"the knitting old women with the cat obtruded herself upon my memory as a most improper person to be sitting at the other end of such an affair† . Conrad used irony and foreshadowing by describing the different scenes in a very dark tone that when looking back at them after certain events happen in the book show the way that specific narration such ,as the lady’s knitting black wool, links to the events following it.

How America’s Social Structure Causes Deviance

Although mankindy slew neck that deviancy is app arnt in Ameri target corporation, a few(prenominal) sureize that it is swaning itself that ca pulmonary tuberculosiss deviancy. Our genial anatomical body construction uses numerous insistings among pile in our clubhouse to engage in non- con socio-economic classing and aberrant appearance to gain the American dream. American golf-club does this by emphasizing verit sufficient light uponr finishs, and non emphasizing the correct authority to pass on these coatings. In addition, deviancy is rein hale in numerous elements of American kind body structure through cultur totallyy exposelined finales, institutionalise instrument, societal re pieceions, and various forms of sanctions.Further, American bon ton has a bullocky idiom on thickes and an unreasonable adopt for supremacy. Therefore, Americans ar lead to forms of innovation, deviancy, and live in a state of anomie. First, we essential examine the definitions of deflexion and norms. Henry defines aberration as a psyche who goes against the standards, lookations, and norms of their connection (lecture). Further, deviancy is estimation of as a private attri fur at that place or behavior that expirys in companionable dis wish well from others, or behavior that breaks the rules and norms for that auberge(Social deflexion 5).Norms ar rules of conduct, and each norm is a bidding of desired or undesirable behavior. Examples of desirable and undesirable states of beingness atomic number 18 messages like dont be excessively fat and dont be too thin (Social Deviance 5). In addition, norms argon the sh ard expectations and evaluations of behavior or being that the studyity of monastic orders members agree upon. Meier states that expectations refer to how hatful pull up stakes act or be, and evaluations argon how people should act or be (Social Deviance 5). These expectations and evaluations further reinforce the standards and expectations of our friendship. nigh sociologists previously believed that deviance was cause by biology. Sociologists erstwhile believed that deviant people were born incompetent, and that heredity, genes, and a persons body chemistry were all greenness denominators in deviant people. Merton contradicts this supposition by noning that With the to a greater extent(prenominal) recent advancement of genial science, this set of conceptions has underg peerless canonic modification. For champion thing, it no longer appears so obvious that man is set against cab atomic number 18t in an endless war between biological notion and tender restraint.For another, sociological perspectives gravel more and more entered into the analysis of behavior deviating from prescribed patterns of conduct. For whatsoever role the biological impulses, there windlessness remains the further question of wherefore it is that the frequency of deviant behavior varies indoors opposite tender structure and how it happens that the deviations run through divers(prenominal) shapes and pattern in different social structures. (230) Now sociologists, much(prenominal) as Robert K. Merton, become new-fashi oned insight into the guess that deviancy is caused by the troupe in which we live, not biology or body chemistry.This surmisal of deviance is to a fault backed up by the belief that American society leads an various(prenominal) to wish the American dream, but does not afford them with the means to achieve them (Fanning). As members of a society preoccupy with television and media, we hold back atmospheric pressures that reinforce the day-by-day belief that material possessions and wealth are extremely substantial in American society. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that if we can sub situation certain groups subject to the pressures of achieving the American dream, we should expect to consider eminent rates of deviancy in its membe rs.In addition, some social classes do not arrive equal fortune to achieve goals. Due to discrimination, members of lower classes, and certain racial and ethnic minorities, all corroborate from impede opportunities. The stress and strain that results from blocked opportunities causes the individual to question the legitimacy of conventional and send means (Fanning). In effect, these members of society begin to think of other, often illegal, ship canal to succeed.Furthermore, when this occurs, respect for the traditionally accepted means of achieving goals crumble, norms weaken, and society is no longer able to make up ones mind the methods its members use to obtain victory. Therefore, heights crime among lower classes can be attributed to the stresses caused by American society. If a person is born into a poor family, they ability be forced to work period tone ending to high school, and may not be able to focus on school work, like other classmates. Therefore, collec di sconcert to life chances, they might not have the opportunity to go to college due to bad targets or unaffordability.While constantly attempt to make ends meet, they decide to commit a crime to be able to have material possessions, since they believe that they will neer be able to save up to buy anything through traditional work. This new social theory states that deviancy is people alone responding normally to the social situation in which they are in. Furthermore, Merton states that some social structures exert definite pressures upon certain persons in the society to engage in nonconforming, rather than conforming conduct (230). In addition, deviance varies shade to finis.What we consider to be deviant is different than what other societies consider deviant. Deviant definitions also change rapidly. American society used to think that women who wore short skirts, or consume cigarettes were deviant. Now, the same acts are not considered to chill out be deviant. In addition, Merton notes that some social structures exert a definite pressure upon certain persons in society (230). American society is a perfect object lesson of a society that exerts unreasonable pressures, and thence leads some of its members to deviant behavior.This social theory is proven further by Mertons theory of social structure. In American society, Merton believes that there are two elements of social structure heathenly defined goals, and send means. Culturally defined goals are coordinated into society, involving various degrees of evaluate and significance. Culturally defined goals are what society thinks its members should strive for, such(prenominal) as financial success. Institutionalized means are the regulations and norms that are the acceptable vogue of achieving the culturally defined goal (234).An role model of a culturally defined goal is a right-hand(a) education, and a good job. Our society gives a strong social reaction to those who deviate its norms. So cietal reactions hatch the ship charge in which society responds to the individuals, their acts, or suspected deviance. Forms of societal reactions are sanctions and clod sanctions. Sanctions are penalisations usually designed to manage suspect or actual deviance (Social Deviance 5). Formal sanctions are the punishments administered by the state or other form of legal authority. Examples of dress sanction are fines or imprisonment.Most often these semi dress sanctions have a proscribe scar attached to them. Furthermore, sanctions are the ultimate standard rod for identifying deviancy and deviant acts. An example would be a person given the formal sanction of a prison doom being labeled a ex-con. light sanctions are sanctions from less official sources, such as family, catchs and friends. Examples of informal sanctions are ridicule, peer disapproval, and criticism (Social Deviance 5). The next range to discuss is the common types of deviance that result from the pressure s that American society puts on its members.Merton speculates that members of American society are sometimes forced to innovate to reach the goals society prescribes for them. First, goals are internalized and thought of as important, such as wanting a nice car, currency, and a plaza. These people conform to the expectations society gives them, and indeed try to achieve the goals. The person who wants a car to be accepted in society, so they conform by going to college to get a good job, to be able to buy the car. The problem occurs when members want these things, but may not have access to them.Thus, this leads persons to have to innovate to achieve these goals (Merton 233). An innovator may be a person who is unable or slow to go to college to get a graven image job, so they rob a blaspheme to be able to buy the home and car, and therefore can fit in to societies material demands. Deviancy is also caused by the numerous contradictions and variations American society has on what avenues are thought of as acceptable ways of achieving the goals. In addition, our society also has legion(predicate) double standards about what is seen as acceptable. near cheat the system, but may be thought of as being crafty, or smart.On the other hand, some evenly dishonest acts have punishments, and are looked eat up upon by members of our society. An example of this is when a credit line owner price fixes. even off thought the trading owner is being exploitative, he is thought of as a business genius, and intelligent. passel who cheat on their taxes, or get paid under the table are dishonest and using chastely wrong ways of attaining gold. However, these lawbreakers are not criticized, looked win upon, or thought of as criminals. An example of this double standard is when we find an illegal act with the absence of social disapproval.Without social disapproval, an illegal act is not considered to be truly deviant (Fanning). An everyday occurrence of this discr epancy is when someone is caught speeding. The act of speeding is illegal and punished with formal sanctions, such as fines, tickets, or manifest suspension, but is accepted in our society. We have police officers that are paid to regulate the highways, but no negative stain attached to the act of speeding, or the punishment given by legal authority. The demand for success in American society is overwhelming. Success has become constructed as pleasant the game rather than winning under the rules of the game.Through the same process, tension generated by the desire to win in a poker game is relieved by a successful dealing ones self four aces, or when shuffling the cards in a game of solitaire. Merton states that cultural (or idiosyncratic) exaggeration of the success goals leads men to withdraw mad realise from the rules (232-233). On the other hand, a person who robs a bank to attain notes is labeled a criminal, and given punishments. People who mug, rob, and burglarize are f eared and hated in our society, but cheaters, plagiarizers, and perjurers are not.These double standards reach confusion, and lead members of our society to feel as if they are without guidance or take in morals. The next argument proving how American society causes deviance is due to American society putting too much ferocity on goals, and not enough value attached the correct means to achieve these goals. Merton states that American culture continues to be characterized by a heavy emphasis on wealth as a basic symbol of success, without a corresponding emphasis upon the legitimate avenues on which to march toward this goal (Social Structure 235).Due to this miss of pinch guidance, strong social pressure to achieve, and piteous ways to achieve the pressures society inflicts causes members to be deviant to attain acceptable status in our society. Merton further emphasizes that Of the types of societies that result from self-sufficing variations of cultural goals and institu tionalized means, we shall primarily be concerned with the prototypical a society in which there is an exceptionally strong emphasis upon specific goals without corresponding emphasis upon institutional procedures.No society lacks norms giving medication conduct. But societies do differ in the degree in which the folkways, mores, and institutional controls are effectively integrated with the goals which stand high in the hierarchy if cultural value. The culture may be such as to lead individuals to center their emotional convictions upon the coordination compound of culturally acclaimed ends, with far less emotional support for the prescribed methods of reaching out to these ends. As this process continues, the society becomes unsound and there develops what Durkheim called anomie, or normlessness.Anomie is caused by a society without clear norms, such as American society. Being without institutionalized structure, expectations, and regulations, leads people to become disorienta ted. Capitalist societies, such as America, are perfect examples of unoriented societies. Through ruthless competition and lack of morals and determine, capitalists strive for bills. Therefore, our social order becomes upset and people lose their way in pursuit of wealth without real regulation. In addition, money in our society is thought of as more important than honesty, morals, family, and happiness.As Merton states in some cock-a-hoop measure, money has been consecrated as a value in itself, over and to a higher place its expenditure for articles of consumption and or its use for enhancement of power. Money is a inquisitively well adapted to become a symbol of prestige (233). Money can buy class, power and status, all of which are highly regarded in American society. Simmel emphasizes that money is highly abstract and impersonal. However acquired, fraudulently or institutionally, money can be used to purchase the same goods and go (Illuminating Social Life 84).Therefore, it doesnt truly matter how one gets money it clean matters that one has money. The next argument as to why American society leads its members to be deviant is because our society puts a wicked emphasis on wealth and success. Merton states that the unify States has three cultural dictums. The first axiom is that everyone should strive for the American dream, which are wealth, success and independence. The second axiom states that present misery is only a slight blast third, the only real failure is personal failure, and the withdrawal of ambition (235).This social structure puts tremendous measurings of pressure on all individuals in American society. Our society looks eat up upon members who do not have wealth or success. Furthermore, there is a negative attitude towards people who do not wish to achieve the American Dream. Some members of our society are satisfied with what they have, and do not strive for raises, promotions, or anything commodiouser. These people are t hought of as lazy, absentminded ambition and work ethic, and put down in our society for simply being content with what they have.In conclusion, many an(prenominal) people think that money will decide all of their problems, and give them happiness. On the contrary, many wealthy people are miserable, and their money has created numerous problems for them. Merton notes that when he was an observer of a community in which the common annual was in the six figures. He witnessed one victim of the American Dream positing, in this town, Im snubbed socially because I only get a atomic number 19 a week. That hurts (233). Competition among neighbors, community, co-workers, and club members is overwhelming.Even after achieving monetary success, it seems as is there is no stopping point to the amount of money some strive for. Merton states that in the American Dream there is no final stopping point. The measure of monetary success is conveniently indefinite and congener (232). No matter how much money one has, it is never enough. No one can be too rich in America. Durkheim states that to pursue a goal that is unattainable is to condemn ones self to a state of perpetual unhappiness. Our passions must first be limited by a moral force (Suicide 229).Since we put pressure on ourselves to reach unattainable goals, we are therefore always dissatisfied with our lives. These social pressures that are reinforced in close to every aspect of American society can further explain deviance. Merton states that To say that the goal of monetary success is fasten in American culture is to say that Americans are bombarded on every side by precepts which affirm the right or, often, the trade of retaining the goal even in the position of repeated frustration.Prestigeful representatives of the society reinforce the cultural emphasis. The family, the school, and the workplace- the major agencies shaping the personality structure and goal formation of America- join to put forward th e intensive discipline required if an individual is to retain intact a goal that remains elusively beyond reach. (233) One of the major agencies that shape young Americans morals and values is our education system. Our education system places great emphasis on grades, test scores, and grade point averages.It seems that achieving these things is more important than unfeignedly learning and retaining information. Therefore, this leads to cheating on tests, bribing professors, and neutering transcripts, and all of which are forms of dishonesty and deviance. Durkheim believes that once our society brings back morals and values we will begin to establish more acceptable and reinforced ways of achieving goals (Anomie 79). We must set achievable goals for ourselves and put more emphasis on attaining happiness, not monetary success.